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가격과 광고비 순이익이 어떤 관계를 가지는지? How Prices, Ad Expenditures, and Profits Are Linked

by 링마이벨 2023. 8. 11.
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What, if any, is the relationship among prices, advertising expenditures, and return on investment? Prior research has yielded inconclusive answers to this question, but in analyzing data from 227 consumer businesses, the authors have found a consistent pattern. Companies with relatively high prices and high advertising expenditures, for instance, had higher profits than companies with relatively low prices and high advertising budgets. Such consistency remains important when one is considering the impact of factors like product quality, stages in the product life cycle, product risk, and market share on the price-advertising relationship. The authors also address the issue of whether advertising increases consumer prices.

가격, 광고 지출 및 투자 수익 사이의 관계는 무엇입니까? 이전 연구에서는 이 질문에 대해 결정적이지 않은 답을 얻었지만 227개 소비자 기업의 데이터를 분석한 결과 저자는 일관된 패턴을 발견했습니다. 예를 들어, 물건 가격이 상대적으로 높고 광고비 지출이 많은 회사는 상대적으로 가격이 낮고 광고 예산이 많은 회사보다 수익이 더 높았습니다. 이러한 일관성은 제품 품질, 제품 수명 주기의 단계, 제품 위험 및 시장 점유율과 같은 요소가 가격 광고 관계에 미치는 영향을 고려할 때 여전히 중요합니다. 저자는 또한 광고가 소비자 가격을 증가시키는지 여부에 대한 문제를 다룹니다. 광고가 제품의 가격에 포함될 수 밖에 없는 환경을 가진 한국적 상황과 광고를 가격에 전가 시킬 수 없는 문화권이 있는지 그건 의아하기는 하다.  

A few years ago, a leading ketchup maker significantly increased its advertising and promotion expenditures and simultaneously lowered its prices. The company gained market share at the expense of the top ketchup manufacturer, Heinz, and other brands, but the victory was a hollow one. The combination of increased advertising expenditures and low prices caused its profits to suffer, and the company eventually abandoned this strategy.

몇 년 전, 한 주요 케첩 제조업체는 광고 및 판촉 비용을 크게 늘리는 동시에 가격을 낮췄습니다. 회사는 최고의 케첩 제조업체인 Heinz 및 기타 브랜드를 희생시키면서 시장 점유율을 얻었지만 승리는 공허한 것이었습니다. 광고비 증가와 낮은 가격의 결합으로 수익이 악화되었고 회사는 결국 이 전략을 포기했습니다. 광고비의 증가와 더불어 이미 낮아진 가격의 치열한 경쟁상황으로 말미암아 회사의 수익성이 안좋아 질 수 밖에 없는 것이다. 특히 케찹과 같은 FMCG 브랜드의 브랜드 빌딩을 위해서 거대한 광고비를 투여하는 것은 아마도 저수익성을 만들 수 밖에 없을 것이다. 

 

Would the company eventually have improved its profit margins? Maybe, but waiting would have required a commitment of cash reserves and extreme patience on the part of its management and stockholders.

Beyond the implications for the ketchup maker seeking to improve its competitive position, the experience has relevance for other companies in consumer goods markets because many have tried the same strategy and had similar unsatisfactory results. The reason for the lack of success, we believe, lies in their failure to take seriously enough into account what we have discovered to be an extremely close relationship between advertising expenditures, prices, and profits. One outgrowth of the relationship is that companies doing the most relative advertising tend to command premium prices for their products and also to obtain the best margins.

 

회사는 결국 이익 마진을 개선했을까요? 그럴 수도 있지만 기다리려면 경영진과 주주 측에서 현금 준비금과 극도의 인내가 필요했을 것입니다. 경쟁적 위치를 개선하려는 케첩 제조업체에 대한 의미를 넘어, 많은 기업이 동일한 전략을 시도했지만 유사한 불만족스러운 결과를 얻었기 때문에 이 경험은 소비재 시장의 다른 기업과 관련이 있습니다. 성공하지 못한 이유는 우리가 발견한 광고 지출, 가격 및 이익 간의 매우 밀접한 관계를 충분히 심각하게 고려하지 않았기 때문이라고 생각합니다. 관계의 파생물 중 하나는 가장 상대적인 광고를 하는 회사가 제품에 대해 프리미엄 가격을 요구하고 최고의 마진을 얻는 경향이 있다는 것입니다

 

Consumer goods marketers have long recognized a correlation between advertising and pricing strategies. When a product is successfully differentiated from competitive offerings, distribution in retail stores is almost ensured and premium prices can be commanded from retailers and consumers. Less well-known brands, on the other hand, struggle for distribution and consumer acceptance by positioning themselves as lower-priced alternatives of satisfactory quality; they cut factory prices and hope retailers will pass on some of their savings to consumers.

Examples of this phenomenon abound. Heinz ketchup usually sells at wholesale prices that are about 10% higher than Hunt’s or Del Monte’s and as much as 20% over private labels’. In the supermarket, the spread between Heinz’s prices and its competitors’ is somewhat less. (See the sidebar “Prices, Advertising, and Ketchup.”) Advertised aspirin brands command even larger wholesale and retail price premiums and hold 90% of the total market. (To appear price-competitive, most retailers mark up less advertised brands at a higher percentage than they do advertised brands and thus make the differential in retail prices between the two groups less than the spread in wholesale prices.)

소비재 마케팅 담당자는 오랫동안 광고와 가격 전략 간의 상관관계를 인식해 왔습니다. 제품이 경쟁 제품과 성공적으로 차별화되면 소매점 유통이 거의 보장되고 소매업체와 소비자는 프리미엄 가격을 요구할 수 있습니다. 반면 덜 알려진 브랜드는 만족스러운 품질의 저렴한 대안으로 스스로를 포지셔닝함으로써 유통 및 소비자 수용을 위해 고군분투합니다. 그들은 공장 가격을 인하하고 소매업체가 절감액의 일부를 소비자에게 전가하기를 희망합니다. 이 현상의 예는 많이 있습니다. 하인즈 케첩은 보통 헌트나 델몬트보다 약 10%, 자가상표보다 20% 높은 도매가로 판매되고 있다. 슈퍼마켓에서 Heinz의 가격과 경쟁사의 가격 사이의 스프레드는 다소 적습니다. (사이드바 "가격, 광고 및 케첩" 참조) 광고된 아스피린 브랜드는 훨씬 더 큰 도매 및 소매 가격 프리미엄을 요구하며 전체 시장의 90%를 점유합니다. (가격 경쟁력을 갖추기 위해 대부분의 소매업체는 광고된 브랜드보다 덜 광고된 브랜드를 더 높은 비율로 마크업하여 두 그룹 간의 소매 가격 차이를 도매 가격 스프레드보다 작게 만듭니다.)

Prices, Advertising, and Ketchup

 

The notion that prices, advertising expenditures, and profits are related comes as no surprise to at least one ... Another example comes from the liquor industry, where a 1978 study showed fast-growing, premium-priced brands to be spending $7.26 per case on advertising. The industry average for all distilled spirits is only $1.75.1 Heavily advertised brands, as a rule, sell for more.

가격, 광고 지출 및 이익이 관련되어 있다는 개념은 적어도 한 사람에게는 놀라운 일이 아닙니다. 또 다른 예는 주류 산업에서 나옵니다. 광고에. 모든 증류주에 대한 업계 평균은 $1.75에 불과합니다. 일반적으로 많이 광고되는 브랜드는 더 높은 가격에 판매됩니다.

Although these examples illustrate that premium prices and high advertising expenditures can march hand in hand, this is not the only successful marketplace strategy, nor is such a strategy a guarantee of success. What is important to keep in mind is that consistency between the two is crucial for short-term and medium-term profitability. In most markets, consistency means that relative prices and relative advertising levels are coordinated. In other words, high relative advertising expenditures should accompany premium prices, and low relative advertising expenditures should be tailored to low prices.이러한 예는 프리미엄 가격과 높은 광고 비용이 함께 행진할 수 있음을 보여주지만 이것이 유일한 성공적인 시장 전략은 아니며 그러한 전략이 성공을 보장하지도 않습니다. 명심해야 할 중요한 것은 둘 사이의 일관성이 단기 및 중기 수익성에 중요하다는 것입니다. 대부분의 시장에서 일관성이란 상대적 가격과 상대적 광고 수준이 조정됨을 의미합니다. 즉, 상대적으로 높은 광고비에는 프리미엄 가격이 수반되어야 하고 상대적으로 낮은 광고비는 낮은 가격에 맞춰야 합니다.

 

Unfortunately, no hard quantitative evidence concerning the prevalence of the relationship between premium price and high advertising expenditures has previously been gathered. Nor has the degree to which premium prices stem from advertising as opposed to other differences among products such as product quality been ascertained. (For a discussion of previous research in this area, see the sidebar “Difficulties of Researching the Price-Advertising Relationship.”)불행하게도, 프리미엄 가격과 높은 광고 지출 사이의 관계의 유행에 관한 확실한 정량적 증거는 이전에 수집되지 않았습니다. 제품 품질과 같은 제품 간의 다른 차이점과 달리 광고에서 프리미엄 가격이 발생하는 정도도 확인되지 않았습니다. (이 분야의 이전 연구에 대한 논의는 사이드바 "가격-광고 관계 연구의 어려움"을 참조하십시오.)

Difficulties of Researching the Price-Advertising Relationship

Economists have devised theoretical models that assess how advertising affects price sensitivity, how prices affect ...경제학자들은 광고가 가격 민감도에 미치는 영향, 가격에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 이론적 모델을 고안했습니다.

Analyzing the Price-Advertising Relationship

We set out to accumulate such evidence by analyzing price and advertising data for consumer goods manufacturers. Specifically, we wanted to answer three questions: 우리는 소비재 제조업체의 가격 및 광고 데이터를 분석하여 이러한 증거를 축적하기 시작했습니다. 구체적으로 세 가지 질문에 답하고 싶었습니다.

1. How strong is the association between price and advertising strategies among consumer goods businesses?

2. Does the strength of this association depend on certain characteristics of the business’s strategy and market, such as product quality, market share, and stage in the product life cycle?

3. Finally, do businesses that maintain consistent advertising and pricing strategies earn higher profits than those that fail to maintain some consistency between the two?

Our analysis shows that the general association between price and advertising strategies is strong and statistically significant. Our analysis also demonstrates that the strength of the relationship depends on some product and market factors and not on others. To the third and perhaps most important question, the answer is yes—that is, consistent strategies result in higher profits. Businesses with inconsistent pricing and advertising strategies earn lower profits than do businesses with consistent strategies.

These are strong statements that have broad and significant implications for marketing strategy formulation. They are not based solely on isolated examples. They are supported by what we believe is solid statistical analysis that is relevant to a large number of consumer goods marketers. Discussion of the more technical statistical safeguards of our research has been relegated to the Appendix; we will concentrate in this discussion on the most important aspects of the research techniques as well as on the results and implications of our findings.

 

1. 소비재 사업에서 가격과 광고 전략 간의 연관성은 얼마나 강한가?
2. 이 연관성의 강도는 제품 품질, 시장 점유율, 제품 수명 주기의 단계와 같은 비즈니스 전략 및 시장의 특정 특성에 따라 결정됩니까?
3. 마지막으로 일관된 광고 및 가격 전략을 유지하는 기업이 둘 사이의 일관성을 유지하지 못하는 기업보다 더 높은 수익을 올릴 수 있습니까?
우리의 분석은 가격과 광고 전략 간의 일반적인 연관성이 강력하고 통계적으로 유의미하다는 것을 보여줍니다. 우리의 분석은 또한 관계의 강점이 다른 요인이 아닌 일부 제품 및 시장 요인에 달려 있음을 보여줍니다. 세 번째이자 아마도 가장 중요한 질문에 대한 대답은 '예'입니다. 즉, 일관된 전략은 더 높은 수익을 가져옵니다. 가격 및 광고 전략이 일관되지 않은 기업은 일관된 전략을 가진 기업보다 수익이 낮습니다.
이는 마케팅 전략 수립에 광범위하고 중요한 영향을 미치는 강력한 진술입니다. 그것들은 고립된 예에만 근거한 것이 아닙니다. 이는 다수의 소비재 마케터와 관련된 견고한 통계 분석으로 뒷받침됩니다. 우리 연구의 보다 기술적인 통계 보호 장치에 대한 논의는 부록으로 이관되었습니다. 우리는 이 논의에서 연구 기법의 가장 중요한 측면과 연구 결과의 의미에 집중할 것입니다.

Appendix: Research Methodology

The data used in this study were four-year averages from 227 consumer goods businesses participating in the ...

Gathering the Data

To determine the general relationship between advertising and pricing strategies, we used information on 227 consumer businesses from the Profit Impact of Market Strategies (PIMS) project of the Strategic Planning Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts.2 Our analyses were based on data covering the 1971–1977 period and included two variables that are central to the rest of this article:

광고와 가격 책정 전략 사이의 일반적인 관계를 결정하기 위해 우리는 매사추세츠 캠브리지에 있는 Strategic Planning Institute의 PIMS(Profit Impact of Market Strategies) 프로젝트에서 227개 소비자 기업에 대한 정보를 사용했습니다.2 우리의 분석은 1971년~ 1977년 기간이며 이 문서의 나머지 부분에서 중심이 되는 두 가지 변수를 포함했습니다.

  • Relative advertising. We asked businesses to compare their own media advertising budgets, as a percentage of sales, with those of their leading competitors and to tell us whether they spent “much less,” “somewhat less,” “about the same,” “somewhat more,” or “much more” on advertising. Each business answered this question for each of four separate years, and we averaged the answers to avoid measuring temporary abnormalities in a given business’s strategy. 상대적 광고. 우리는 기업들에게 자신의 미디어 광고 예산을 판매 비율로 주요 경쟁업체의 광고 예산과 비교하고 "훨씬 적게", "조금 적게", "거의 비슷", "조금 더" 지출했는지 여부를 물어봤습니다. " 또는 "훨씬 더" 광고에. 각 사업체는 4년 동안 이 질문에 답했으며 주어진 사업 전략에서 일시적인 이상을 측정하지 않기 위해 답의 평균을 냈습니다.
  • Relative price. We also asked businesses to compare their average selling prices (factory prices) with the prices of leading competitors and to quantify the differences. For example, if a business reported +5%, its selling prices would average 5% higher than competitors’; a –3% would mean that selling prices average 3% less than competitors’. Each business answered this question for four separate years, and we averaged the answers over the four years.상대 가격. 우리는 또한 기업들에게 평균 판매 가격(공장 가격)을 주요 경쟁업체의 가격과 비교하고 그 차이를 정량화하도록 요청했습니다. 예를 들어, 기업이 +5%를 보고했다면 판매 가격은 경쟁업체보다 평균 5% 높을 것입니다. -3%는 판매 가격이 경쟁사보다 평균 3% 낮다는 것을 의미합니다. 각 사업체는 4년 동안 이 질문에 답했고, 우리는 4년 동안의 답을 평균했습니다.

Assessing the Results

How strong is the association between relative price and relative advertising? Our analysis of the data, which is shown in Exhibit I, indicates that brands with high relative advertising budgets are also charging premium prices, and vice versa. For example, the 58 businesses in the PIMS data base that spend “much less” on advertising than their competitors also charge prices that average almost 3% below the market average for their products. (Some businesses charge higher and some lower prices, but the average for the 58 businesses is clearly well below their respective market norms.) 상대 가격과 상대 광고 사이의 연관성은 얼마나 강한가? Exhibit I에 나와 있는 데이터에 대한 우리의 분석은 상대적인 광고 예산이 높은 브랜드도 프리미엄 가격을 부과하고 있으며 그 반대의 경우도 있음을 나타냅니다. 예를 들어, PIMS 데이터베이스에 있는 58개 기업은 경쟁사보다 광고에 "훨씬 적게" 지출하며 제품에 대해 시장 평균보다 평균 거의 3% 낮은 가격을 청구합니다. (일부 기업은 더 높은 가격을, 일부는 더 낮은 가격을 청구하지만, 58개 기업의 평균은 분명히 각각의 시장 표준보다 훨씬 낮습니다.)

Exhibit I Relative Advertising and Average Relative Price (Compared with Competition) 상대 광고 및 평균 상대 가격(경쟁사와 비교)

Contrast this finding with the average relative prices of the 23 businesses that have relative advertising budgets of “much more” than their competitors. These high advertisers command prices that average 7% above the competition. (Again, some businesses in this group have prices that are even higher and some have lower prices.) 이 결과를 경쟁사보다 "훨씬 더 많은" 상대 광고 예산을 가진 23개 기업의 평균 상대 가격과 대조하십시오. 이 높은 광고주는 경쟁사보다 평균 7% 높은 가격을 요구합니다. (다시 말하지만, 이 그룹의 일부 비즈니스는 가격이 더 높고 일부 비즈니스는 가격이 더 낮습니다.)

The overall pattern is one of strong association between businesses that have high relative advertising budgets and businesses that charge high relative prices.

Of course, high-quality advertising is probably more effective than low-quality advertising. But measuring advertising quality is difficult enough for a single company, let alone for 227.

Two explanations can be offered for the association between price and advertising. First, retailers and consumers are willing to pay higher prices for known products than for unknown brands. Second, marketers are willing to advertise more when gross profit margins are high.

For the purposes of our research, it does not matter which of these explanations is most true. From the managers perspective, as we shall show later, the key is to keep advertising and pricing consistent—regardless of what is driving what. We shall return later to the question whether advertising increases the prices consumers pay, but first we wish to take a closer look at the basic advertising-price pattern. 전반적인 패턴은 상대적인 광고 예산이 높은 기업과 높은 상대적 가격을 부과하는 기업 간의 강력한 연관성 중 하나입니다. 물론 품질이 좋은 광고가 품질이 낮은 광고보다 더 효과적일 수 있습니다. 그러나 광고 품질을 측정하는 것은 227개 회사는 말할 것도 없고 단일 회사에서도 충분히 어렵습니다.
가격과 광고 사이의 연관성에 대해 두 가지 설명이 제공될 수 있습니다. 첫째, 소매업체와 소비자는 알려지지 않은 브랜드보다 알려진 제품에 더 높은 가격을 지불할 용의가 있습니다. 둘째, 마케팅 담당자는 총 이익 마진이 높을 때 더 많이 광고할 의향이 있습니다.
연구의 목적을 위해 이러한 설명 중 어느 것이 가장 사실인지는 중요하지 않습니다. 나중에 살펴보겠지만 관리자의 관점에서 핵심은 광고와 가격을 일관되게 유지하는 것입니다. 나중에 광고가 소비자가 지불하는 가격을 높이는지 여부에 대한 질문으로 다시 돌아가겠지만 먼저 기본적인 광고 가격 패턴을 자세히 살펴보고자 합니다.

Relating Advertising & Prices to Other Factors

If we look again at Exhibit I, a number of additional issues arise beyond the conclusion that relative prices commanded by high advertisers exceed those commanded by low advertisers. Don’t businesses with high advertising budgets and high relative prices also market products of high quality? Also, how accurate is an analysis that lumps together big-ticket durables with convenience goods? Is this relationship true for all stages of the product life cycle?

Exhibit I을 다시 보면 높은 광고주가 요구하는 상대 가격이 낮은 광고주가 요구하는 상대 가격을 초과한다는 결론을 넘어 많은 추가 문제가 발생합니다. 광고 예산이 많고 상대 가격이 높은 기업은 고품질의 제품도 판매하지 않습니까? 그리고 고액 내구재와 생활용품을 하나로 묶는 분석은 얼마나 정확한가. 이 관계는 제품 수명 주기의 모든 단계에서 사실입니까?

Effect of Product Quality

Marketers often argue that their products command higher prices not merely because they are advertised but also because they are of high quality. This is undoubtedly true in many cases but may or may not have an effect on the relationship between relative advertising and relative price. Even if one accepts the proposition that Anacin dissolves faster than private-label aspirin, the price differential between the two would probably not be as great as it is without advertising. 마케터들은 종종 그들의 제품이 단순히 광고되기 때문만이 아니라 고품질이기 때문에 더 높은 가격을 요구한다고 주장합니다. 이것은 의심할 여지 없이 많은 경우에 사실이지만 상대 광고와 상대 가격 사이의 관계에 영향을 미칠 수도 있고 그렇지 않을 수도 있습니다. 아나신이 자사 상표 아스피린보다 더 빨리 분해된다는 명제를 받아들인다 해도 둘 사이의 가격 차이는 아마도 광고 없이는 그렇게 크지 않을 것입니다.

Exhibit II shows that businesses with high-quality products charge high relative prices for the extra quality but that businesses with high quality and high advertising levels obtain the highest prices. Conversely, businesses with low quality and low advertising charge the lowest prices. Businesses that consider their products of higher quality and that advertise at levels higher than competition charge prices that average 6.5% above competitors’. For high-quality producers with less relative advertising, this figure is –.1%. Thus quality alone does not enable the business to command the same price as quality that is communicated to consumers.

Exhibit II는 고품질 제품을 보유한 기업이 추가 품질에 대해 높은 상대적 가격을 부과하지만 고품질 및 높은 광고 수준을 가진 기업이 가장 높은 가격을 받는다는 것을 보여줍니다. 반대로 품질이 낮고 광고가 적은 비즈니스는 최저 가격을 청구합니다. 제품의 품질이 더 우수하다고 생각하고 경쟁업체보다 높은 수준으로 광고하는 기업은 경쟁업체보다 평균 6.5% 높은 가격을 청구합니다. 상대적 광고가 적은 고품질 제작자의 경우 이 수치는 -.1%입니다. 따라서 품질만으로는 기업이 소비자에게 전달되는 품질과 동일한 가격을 요구할 수 없습니다.

Exhibit II Effect of Product Quality on Relationship Between Relative Price and Relative Advertising

Marketers who tell consumers about quality differences in their products command higher prices than marketers who depend on high quality to communicate itself to consumers. For mass-produced items, advertising is the most efficient way of communicating superior quality—especially when consumers may not be able to judge quality differences from inspection or use. Protein content in food products is an example of a product feature that advertising can communicate to consumers.3 Even visible product attributes may require advertising to explain their value. Frank Perdue has “educated” his customers to appreciate his chickens’ yellow skins, and as a consequence, he has been able to charge premium prices.

Unfortunately, product quality is not easy to measure with any degree of precision. We have used management judgments about the quality of their products relative to their competition. One might expect managers to overrate their products. However, unless the degree of exaggeration is related to advertising expenditure levels, the pattern we show would remain unchanged. In other words, if all managers overrated their products by a factor of 20%, those with the highest product quality would still be highest, and those with the lowest product quality would still be lowest. 소비자에게 제품의 품질 차이에 대해 알리는 마케터는 소비자와 소통하기 위해 고품질에 의존하는 마케터보다 더 높은 가격을 요구합니다. 대량 생산 품목의 경우 광고는 우수한 품질을 전달하는 가장 효율적인 방법입니다. 특히 소비자가 검사 또는 사용을 통해 품질 차이를 판단할 수 없는 경우에는 더욱 그렇습니다. 식품의 단백질 함량은 광고가 소비자에게 전달할 수 있는 제품 기능의 한 예입니다.3 눈에 보이는 제품 특성도 그 가치를 설명하기 위해 광고가 필요할 수 있습니다. Frank Perdue는 고객에게 닭의 노란 껍질을 높이 평가하도록 "교육"했으며 그 결과 프리미엄 가격을 부과할 수 있었습니다.
불행하게도 제품 품질은 어느 정도의 정밀도로 측정하기가 쉽지 않습니다. 우리는 경쟁 제품과 관련된 제품의 품질에 대한 경영진의 판단을 사용했습니다. 관리자가 제품을 과대평가할 것이라고 예상할 수 있습니다. 그러나 과장의 정도가 광고비 수준과 관련되지 않는 한 우리가 보여주는 패턴은 변하지 않을 것입니다. 다시 말해, 모든 관리자가 자신의 제품을 20% 과대 평가하더라도 제품 품질이 가장 높은 관리자는 여전히 최고이고 제품 품질이 가장 낮은 관리자는 여전히 최저입니다.

Effect of Product Life-Cycle Stages

Exhibit III illustrates differences between relative advertising and relative prices for businesses at various stages of the product life cycle. The exhibit shows a stronger relationship between relative advertising and relative price levels when products are in the late stage of the life cycle than when they are new to the market. In new product categories, a considerable amount of confusion with respect to price is likely to exist in the market. Also, prices are probably changing fairly frequently.

표 III은 제품 수명 주기의 다양한 단계에서 비즈니스에 대한 상대 광고와 상대 가격 간의 차이를 보여줍니다. 전시회는 제품이 시장에 처음 출시되었을 때보다 수명 주기의 후반 단계에 있을 때 상대적 광고와 상대적 가격 수준 사이에 더 강한 관계가 있음을 보여줍니다. 새로운 제품 범주에서 가격과 관련하여 상당한 양의 혼란이 시장에 존재할 가능성이 있습니다. 또한 가격은 상당히 자주 변경될 수 있습니다.

Exhibit III Effect of Product Life Cycle on Relationship Between Relative Pricing and Relative Advertising

The electronic calculator is an example of a product category that experienced considerable market turmoil before prices stabilized. During the early stages of the calculator’s life cycle, improvements and new features were added at a rate that may have left the trade and consumers alike somewhat confused about price-quality relationships. Options for programmable calculators, rechargeable batteries, memories, and many other functions were introduced over a relatively short period. Prices changed frequently as well (usually downward) in the early stages of the life cycle.

Also, when new brands are introduced in an established product category, marketers often use trade and consumer promotions to encourage distribution and trial. Advertising expenses during these periods are likely to be high and prices low. Competitors react with promotions of their own, and the resulting advertising-price relationships are usually ill-defined and unstable compared with periods when businesses have settled on long-term positioning strategies. Thus the earlier the stage in the life cycle, the more confused the relationship between relative advertising and relative pricing. 전자 계산기는 가격이 안정되기 전에 상당한 시장 혼란을 겪은 제품 범주의 예입니다. 계산기 수명 주기의 초기 단계에서 개선 사항과 새로운 기능이 속도로 추가되어 무역업자와 소비자 모두 가격과 품질의 관계에 대해 다소 혼란스러워했습니다. 프로그래밍 가능한 계산기, 충전식 배터리, 메모리 및 기타 여러 기능에 대한 옵션은 비교적 짧은 기간에 도입되었습니다. 가격도 수명 주기의 초기 단계에서 자주 변경되었습니다(보통 하향). 
또한 기존 제품 범주에 새로운 브랜드가 도입되면 마케터는 종종 유통 및 시험을 장려하기 위해 거래 및 소비자 판촉을 사용합니다. 이 기간 동안 광고 비용은 높고 가격은 낮을 수 있습니다. 경쟁자들은 그들 자신의 판촉에 반응하며, 그에 따른 광고 가격 관계는 일반적으로 기업이 장기 포지셔닝 전략에 정착한 기간에 비해 정의가 불분명하고 불안정합니다. 따라서 수명 주기의 단계가 빠를수록 상대적 광고와 상대적 가격 책정 간의 관계가 더 혼란스러워집니다.

Effect of Product Risk

Exhibit IV suggests that the relationship between relative advertising and relative prices is somewhat weaker for products that cost more than $10. We believe consumers deem these products high-risk purchases. Thus for product purchases where risk is high, the relationship between advertising and price is not quite as strong.

Exhibit IV는 상대적 광고와 상대적 가격 간의 관계가 10달러가 넘는 제품의 경우 다소 약함을 시사합니다. 우리는 소비자들이 이러한 제품을 고위험 구매로 간주한다고 믿습니다. 따라서 위험이 높은 제품 구매의 경우 광고와 가격 간의 관계가 그다지 강하지 않습니다.

Exhibit IV Effect of Price Risk on Relationship Between Relative Price and Relative Advertising

When consumers purchase big-ticket products such as appliances or automobiles, advertising alone is unlikely to convince them to pay substantial percentage price premiums. A small percentage difference in such cases may loom large in dollar terms. For small-ticket items such as beer and cigarettes, the relative percentage price differential between premium and nonpremium brands will naturally be greater.

소비자가 가전제품이나 자동차와 같은 고가의 제품을 구매할 때 광고만으로는 소비자가 상당한 비율의 가격 프리미엄을 지불하도록 설득할 수 없습니다. 그러한 경우 작은 백분율 차이가 달러 기준으로 크게 나타날 수 있습니다. 맥주 및 담배와 같은 소액 품목의 경우 프리미엄 브랜드와 비프리미엄 브랜드 간의 상대적인 가격 차이가 자연스럽게 더 커질 것입니다.

 

This analysis reflects only the financial risk inherent in a purchase and not the other consequences of poor product performance. Drugs and personal-care products would probably show even stronger relationships between relative advertising and relative prices. Branded aspirin commands relatively large price premiums primarily because the consumer is willing to pay more to ensure good quality in a product that is ingested. Similarly, the consequences of poor product quality are different for canned green beans than for deodorants. (However, if botulism were more prevalent, advertised brands of canned vegetables might command greater price premiums.) Unfortunately, we have no measures of these other risks and cannot quantify their effect on the price-advertising relationship.

We emphasize, however, that even for big-ticket products, average relative prices are higher when businesses also have higher relative advertising budgets. 이 분석은 구매에 내재된 재정적 위험만 반영하며 제품 성능 저하의 다른 결과는 반영하지 않습니다. 의약품과 개인 위생용품은 상대적인 광고와 상대적 가격 사이에 훨씬 더 강한 관계를 보일 것입니다. 브랜드 아스피린은 주로 소비자가 섭취하는 제품의 좋은 품질을 보장하기 위해 더 많은 비용을 지불할 의사가 있기 때문에 상대적으로 큰 가격 프리미엄을 요구합니다. 마찬가지로, 불량한 제품 품질의 결과는 탈취제와 통조림 녹두의 경우 다릅니다. (그러나 보툴리누스 중독이 더 널리 퍼진 경우, 광고되는 통조림 야채 브랜드는 더 큰 가격 프리미엄을 요구할 수 있습니다.) 불행히도 우리는 이러한 다른 위험에 대한 측정이 없으며 가격 광고 관계에 미치는 영향을 정량화할 수 없습니다.
그러나 고액 제품의 경우에도 기업의 상대적 광고 예산이 높을수록 평균 상대 가격이 더 높다는 점을 강조합니다.

Effect of Market Share & Competition

Let us turn now to the question of the effect of a business’s market position and competitive environment on the price-advertising relationship.

As we can see in Exhibit V, businesses with high market shares show stronger relationships between relative advertising and relative price than businesses with low market shares, primarily, we believe, because consumers rely on a brand’s position in the market as a clue (often correctly so) to product quality. 이제 기업의 시장 지위와 경쟁 환경이 가격 광고 관계에 미치는 영향에 대한 질문으로 돌아가 보겠습니다. 
Exhibit V에서 볼 수 있듯이 시장 점유율이 높은 기업은 시장 점유율이 낮은 기업보다 상대 광고와 상대 가격 간의 관계가 더 강합니다. 그래서) 제품 품질.

Exhibit V Effect of Market Share on Relationship Between Relative Price and Relative Advertising

In addition to level of market share, the stability of the competitive relationship is important. Exhibit VI indicates that businesses in unstable competitive environments show stronger relationships between relative advertising and relative price than businesses in stable environments. (Market stability is measured by the amount of market share changes that occur from year to year.) 시장 점유율 수준과 함께 경쟁 관계의 안정성도 중요합니다. Exhibit VI는 불안정한 경쟁 환경에 있는 기업이 안정적인 환경에 있는 기업보다 상대 광고와 상대 가격 간의 관계가 더 강하다는 것을 나타냅니다. (시장 안정성은 매년 발생하는 시장 점유율 변화량으로 측정됩니다.)

Exhibit VI Effect of Market Stability on Relationship Between Relative Price and Relative Advertising Note: Stable markets are markets that exhibited less than 13 percentage points of market share changes for the four major competitors within a four-year period. (Changes were measured from year to year.) Unstable markets are markets that showed more than 13 percentage points of market share changes over the same period.

Fashion goods and cosmetics are examples of businesses that experience relatively short life cycles. Because of the extra risk inherent in such businesses, marketers may adopt “fast payback strategies” and charge even higher prices to recoup advertising investments over a short time period.

In most types of consumer business, managers behave as if premium prices and high relative advertising strategies were related and therefore make them a consistent part of the marketing mix. This pattern holds true for products of both high and low quality.

Businesses that seem to be most consistent in their pricing and advertising strategies are those in the later stages of the life cycle and companies with few new products. Businesses with high market shares, businesses in unstable competitive environments, and businesses marketing low-dollar-value consumer products also show especially high correlations between relative price and relative advertising expenses.

Exhibit VI 상대적 가격과 상대적 광고 간의 관계에 대한 시장 안정성의 영향 참고: 안정적인 시장은 4년 기간 내에 4개 주요 경쟁업체의 시장 점유율 변화가 13% 미만인 시장입니다. (변화는 해마다 측정되었습니다.) 불안정 시장은 같은 기간 동안 시장 점유율이 13% 포인트 이상 변화한 시장입니다. 
패션 상품과 화장품은 상대적으로 수명 주기가 짧은 비즈니스의 예입니다. 이러한 비즈니스에 내재된 추가 위험 때문에 마케터는 "빠른 회수 전략"을 채택하고 짧은 기간 동안 광고 투자를 회수하기 위해 더 높은 가격을 청구할 수 있습니다. 
대부분의 소비자 비즈니스 유형에서 관리자는 프리미엄 가격과 상대적으로 높은 광고 전략이 관련된 것처럼 행동하므로 이를 마케팅 믹스의 일관된 부분으로 만듭니다. 이 패턴은 고품질 제품과 저품질 제품 모두에 적용됩니다. 
가격 및 광고 전략에서 가장 일관된 것으로 보이는 기업은 수명 주기의 후반 단계에 있는 기업과 신제품이 거의 없는 기업입니다. 시장점유율이 높은 기업, 불안정한 경쟁 환경에 있는 기업, 저비용 소비자 제품을 판매하는 기업 역시 상대적 가격과 상대적 광고비 사이에 특히 높은 상관관계를 보입니다.

What About Return on Investment?

The most important question for managers is, of course, whether companies with consistent pricing and advertising strategies produce higher returns on investment than companies with inconsistent strategies. To test this question, we devised a measure of the consistency between the two. We looked at the businesses’ relative advertising and price strategies and classified them as shown in Exhibit VII.

물론 관리자에게 가장 중요한 질문은 일관된 가격 및 광고 전략을 가진 회사가 일관성 없는 전략을 가진 회사보다 더 높은 투자 수익을 창출하는지 여부입니다. 이 질문을 테스트하기 위해 우리는 둘 사이의 일관성 측정을 고안했습니다. 기업의 상대적인 광고 및 가격 전략을 살펴보고 Exhibit VII와 같이 분류했습니다.

 

Exhibit VII Price-Advertising Consistency Note: Compared with the total sample of businesses, comparatively few businesses were in the “much or somewhat more” relative advertising category. These businesses were put into a single category to improve the reliability of the consistency measure.

The average value of ROI for businesses with various levels of consistency is shown in Exhibit VIII. The more inconsistent the pricing and advertising strategy is, the lower the average ROI. The differences are significant at almost all levels. Businesses that deviate from the general pattern of consistency between pricing and advertising strategies do not perform as well as those that follow the pattern. This finding holds regardless of whether the inconsistency results from the relative price exceeding the level of relative advertising or vice versa.

Exhibit VII 가격-광고 일관성 참고: 기업의 전체 샘플과 비교할 때 비교적 적은 수의 기업이 "많거나 다소 더" 상대적인 광고 범주에 속했습니다. 이러한 비즈니스는 일관성 측정의 신뢰성을 향상시키기 위해 단일 범주로 분류되었습니다. 
다양한 수준의 일관성을 가진 비즈니스의 평균 ROI 값은 표 VIII에 나와 있습니다. 가격 및 광고 전략이 일관성이 없을수록 평균 ROI는 낮아집니다. 그 차이는 거의 모든 수준에서 중요합니다. 가격 책정 전략과 광고 전략 사이의 일반적인 일관성 패턴에서 벗어나는 비즈니스는 패턴을 따르는 비즈니스만큼 성과가 좋지 않습니다. 이 결과는 비일관성이 상대적 광고 수준을 초과하는 상대적 가격으로 인해 발생하는지 또는 그 반대인지 여부에 관계없이 유지됩니다.

Exhibit VIII Relationship Between Price-Advertising Consistency and Return on Investment Note: The measure of return on investment is calculated from gross book value. It has a correlation of 92 with measures that relate return to net book value—i.e., the two are almost identical.

Exhibit IX indicates that companies with high-quality products have higher ROIs in general than companies with low-quality products. However, of greatest importance to this study is that the companies with high-quality products appear to suffer most from inconsistent advertising and price strategies. Similarly, companies with products in the later stages of the product life cycle sacrifice substantial ROI by pursuing inconsistent advertising and price strategies.

별첨 VIII 가격-광고 일관성과 투자 수익 간의 관계 참고: 투자 수익 측정은 총 장부 가액에서 계산됩니다. 그것은 순 장부 가치에 대한 수익과 관련된 측정치와 92의 상관관계를 가지고 있습니다. 즉, 두 수치는 거의 동일합니다.
Exhibit IX는 고품질 제품을 보유한 기업이 저품질 제품을 보유한 기업보다 일반적으로 ROI가 더 높다는 것을 나타냅니다. 그러나 이 연구에서 가장 중요한 점은 고품질 제품을 보유한 회사가 일관되지 않은 광고 및 가격 전략으로 인해 가장 큰 어려움을 겪는 것으로 보인다는 것입니다. 마찬가지로 제품 수명 주기의 후기 단계에 있는 제품을 보유한 회사는 일관되지 않은 광고 및 가격 전략을 추구함으로써 상당한 ROI를 희생합니다.

Exhibit IX Factors Affecting Price-Advertising Consistency and Return on Investment

One Last Check

We performed a final test of the price-advertising relationship. For this test, we divided the sample of consumer businesses into three groups: low relative advertisers, medium relative advertisers, and high relative advertisers. For each of these subsamples, we explored the relationship between relative price and ROI with linear regression analysis.

The result suggests that for low relative advertisers, relative price is negatively associated with ROI. For high advertisers, the reverse is true. These regressions provide further support for the idea that advertising increases businesses’ need to charge high relative prices or vice versa. Also important to note is the fact that, while no single advertising or pricing strategy is right, some combinations are wrong.

가격-광고 관계에 대한 최종 테스트를 수행했습니다. 이 테스트를 위해 우리는 소비자 기업 샘플을 상대적으로 낮은 광고주, 상대적으로 중간 광고주, 상대적으로 높은 광고주의 세 그룹으로 나누었습니다. 이러한 각 하위 샘플에 대해 선형 회귀 분석을 통해 상대 가격과 ROI 간의 관계를 조사했습니다.

결과는 상대 가격이 낮은 광고주의 경우 상대 가격이 ROI와 음의 관계가 있음을 시사합니다. 높은 광고주의 경우 그 반대입니다. 이러한 회귀는 광고가 높은 상대 가격을 부과하려는 기업의 필요성을 증가시키거나 그 반대의 경우도 마찬가지라는 생각을 뒷받침합니다. 또한 주목해야 할 중요한 사실은 하나의 광고나 가격 책정 전략이 올바르지는 않지만 일부 조합은 잘못되었다는 사실입니다.

Possible Reactions & Final Conclusions

At this point, we envision two possible reactions to our research findings. One may be that the findings are nothing but common sense and that managers should be aware of the need for consistency in advertising and pricing. But the fact that a substantial number of businesses are not pursuing consistent advertising and pricing strategies is what enabled us to uncover the relationship we found.

이 시점에서 우리는 연구 결과에 대해 두 가지 가능한 반응을 예상합니다. 하나는 결과가 상식에 불과하고 관리자가 광고 및 가격 책정의 일관성에 대한 필요성을 인식해야 한다는 것입니다. 그러나 상당수의 기업이 일관된 광고 및 가격 전략을 추구하지 않는다는 사실이 우리가 발견한 관계를 밝혀낼 수 있게 해주었습니다.

 

A second possible reaction could be that the profit impact of inconsistent pricing and advertising strategies is short-term—that businesses with low prices and high advertising expenditures are building market share, while businesses with high prices and low advertising budgets are milking their companies for profits. If the latter were true, then we should have observed higher ROIs for businesses with low advertising budgets and high prices. We found the opposite, however, and can only conclude that this sort of milking strategy does not usually succeed. The first possibility—market share building—is more difficult to evaluate. In that case, one would expect to find, as we did, lower ROIs from investment spending. Worth noting, however, is that our data and analyses are based on four-year averages, so the payout must be long-term indeed. 

두 번째 가능한 반응은 일관되지 않은 가격 책정 및 광고 전략의 이익 영향이 단기적이라는 것입니다. 즉, 가격이 낮고 광고 지출이 많은 기업은 시장 점유율을 높이는 반면 가격이 높고 광고 예산이 적은 기업은 이익을 위해 회사를 착취하고 있습니다. . 후자가 사실이라면 광고 예산이 적고 가격이 높은 비즈니스에서 더 높은 ROI를 관찰했어야 합니다. 그러나 우리는 그 반대를 발견했으며 이러한 종류의 착유 전략이 일반적으로 성공하지 못한다는 결론만 내릴 수 있습니다. 첫 번째 가능성인 시장 점유율 구축은 평가하기가 더 어렵습니다. 이 경우 투자 지출에서 ROI가 낮아질 것으로 예상할 수 있습니다. 그러나 주목할 가치가 있는 것은 우리의 데이터와 분석이 4년 평균을 기반으로 하므로 지불금이 실제로 장기적이어야 한다는 것입니다.

 

Baron Bich employed substantial advertising and low prices to dominate the markets for ballpoint pens in Europe and the United States. Isn’t this an example of an inconsistent strategy that was enormously successful, one might ask? Well, maybe, but Bich is also reputed to have spent millions of dollars and several years waiting for his U.S. acquisition to become profitable. Had the felt tip pen been introduced a few years earlier, we suspect, the whole strategy might have failed. The baron also had no stockholders to answer to at that time. And the Bic shaver and pantyhose market entries have not duplicated the results of the ballpoint pen.

What about L’eggs pantyhose and Timex watches? Compared with the total market, these brands were definitely highly advertised and relatively low priced. They also became profitable fairly quickly. Both of these products, however, were accompanied by major changes in the markets, shifts in distribution channels, product characteristics, and favorable socioeconomic trends. L’eggs and Timex helped create new markets and were not competing in established segments. (In fact, L’eggs came in at a price higher than other pantyhose brands being sold through supermarkets, even if lower than department store brands.)

Baron Bich는 유럽과 미국의 볼펜 시장을 장악하기 위해 상당한 광고와 저렴한 가격을 사용했습니다. 이것은 엄청난 성공을 거둔 일관성 없는 전략의 한 예가 아닐까요? 글쎄요, 하지만 Bich는 미국 인수가 수익성이 있기를 기다리면서 수백만 달러와 몇 년을 소비한 것으로도 유명합니다. 펠트 펜이 몇 년 더 일찍 도입되었다면 전체 전략이 실패했을 수도 있습니다. 남작은 또한 그 당시에 대답할 주주가 없었습니다. 그리고 Bic 면도기와 팬티 스타킹 시장 항목은 볼펜의 결과를 복제하지 않았습니다.
L'eggs 팬티 스타킹과 Timex 시계는 어떻습니까? 전체 시장과 비교할 때, 이 브랜드들은 확실히 많이 광고되었고 상대적으로 가격이 저렴했습니다. 그들은 또한 상당히 빨리 수익성을 얻었습니다. 그러나 이 두 제품 모두 시장의 주요 변화, 유통 채널의 변화, 제품 특성 및 호의적인 사회경제적 추세를 동반했습니다. L'eggs와 Timex는 새로운 시장을 창출하는 데 도움을 주었고 기존 부문에서 경쟁하지 않았습니다. (사실 L’eggs는 백화점 브랜드보다는 낮더라도 슈퍼마켓에서 파는 다른 팬티스타킹 브랜드보다 높은 가격에 들어왔다.)

 

A willingness to gamble that changes in product or production technology will not make manufacturing facilities obsolete4, considerable financial resources, and a tolerance for long payback periods seem to be prerequisites for the baron’s strategy. Our analysis suggests that the approach to strategy that uses high advertising budgets and low relative prices fails more often than it succeeds. Major market innovations may enable inconsistent strategies to end happily, but they appear to be a risky bet for most marketers.

We believe this research provides strong evidence that relative pricing and advertising strategies go together and that most businesses which deviate from this pattern suffer in terms of profitability. The patterns we found in the analysis of both management behavior and profitability are strong enough to suggest that businesses should have very good reasons for deviating from the rule of consistency before they do so.

1. “Liquor Imports Threaten to Drown U.S. Distillers,” Business Week, April 2, 1979, p. 92.

2. The PIMS program is a large-scale, ongoing statistical study of the market and the individual competitive characteristics, strategies, and financial performances of business units. For details on the data base, its advantages, and its limitations, see Robert D. Buzzell, Bradley T. Gale, and Ralph G. M. Sultan, “Market Share—A Key to Profitability,” HBR January–February 1975, p. 97.

3. Neil H. Borden, in The Economic Effects of Advertising (Chicago: Richard D. Irwin, 1942), describes such features as “hidden values.”

4. Michael E. Porter, “How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy,” HBR March–April 1979, p. 137. See, for example, his discussion of the experience curve as a barrier to entry.

제품이나 생산 기술의 변화로 인해 제조 시설이 노후화되지 않을 것이라는 도박을 하려는 의지4, 상당한 재정 자원, 오랜 투자 회수 기간에 대한 관용이 남작 전략의 전제 조건인 것 같습니다. 우리의 분석에 따르면 높은 광고 예산과 낮은 상대 가격을 사용하는 전략 접근 방식은 성공하는 경우보다 실패하는 경우가 더 많습니다. 주요 시장 혁신은 일관되지 않은 전략을 행복하게 끝낼 수 있지만 대부분의 마케터에게는 위험한 내기로 보입니다.

우리는 이 연구가 상대적 가격 책정과 광고 전략이 함께 작용하고 이 패턴에서 벗어나는 대부분의 기업이 수익성 면에서 어려움을 겪는다는 강력한 증거를 제공한다고 믿습니다. 경영진 행동과 수익성 모두에 대한 분석에서 발견한 패턴은 기업이 일관성 규칙에서 벗어나기 전에 일관성 원칙에서 벗어나야 할 매우 타당한 이유가 있어야 함을 시사할 만큼 충분히 강력합니다.

1. "주류 수입이 미국 증류주를 익사시키겠다고 위협하다", Business Week, 1979년 4월 2일, p. 92.
2. PIMS 프로그램은 시장과 개별 경쟁 특성, 전략 및 사업 단위의 재무 성과에 대한 대규모의 지속적인 통계 연구입니다. 데이터베이스, 이점 및 한계에 대한 자세한 내용은 Robert D. Buzzell, Bradley T. Gale, and Ralph G. M. Sultan, "Market Share—A Key to Profitability," HBR January–February 1975, p. 97.
3. 광고의 경제적 효과(시카고: Richard D. Irwin, 1942)에서 Neil H. Borden은 이러한 기능을 "숨겨진 가치"라고 설명합니다.
4. Michael E. Porter, "How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy," HBR 1979년 3월–4월, p. 137. 예를 들어, 진입 장벽으로서의 경험 곡선에 대한 그의 논의를 참조하십시오.

 

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